NEWS: India will push for predictable climate finance, technology transfer and equitable energy transition at COP31 (November 9–20, 2026), Antalya, Türkiye.

INDIA'S DEMAND FOR CLIMATE FINANCE

• Climate Finance → Financial support for climate mitigation and adaptation.
• Predictable Finance → Assured funding with clarity on amount and timeline.
• Public Finance → Primarily government and public institutional funding.
• Concessional Finance → Grants and low-interest loans with favourable terms.
• Debt Burden → Climate finance should not increase developing countries' debt.
• Article 9.1, Paris Agreement → Developed countries must provide financial resources to developing countries.

EQUITABLE ENERGY TRANSITION

• Just Energy Transition → Shift to clean energy while considering economic and developmental needs.
• Nationally Determined Approach → Countries should decide their own climate pathways based on national circumstances.
• India's Position → Opposes uniform, externally imposed fossil fuel phase-outs.
• Priorities → Energy security, economic development and social equity.

JUST TRANSITION WORK PROGRAMME (JTWP)

• Objective → Ensure a fair, inclusive and socially responsible transition to a low-carbon economy.
• India's Demand → Continue JTWP at COP31.
• Opposes → New top-down mitigation targets imposed on developing countries.
• Focus → Employment, energy security and development priorities.

GLOBAL GOAL ON ADAPTATION (GGA)

• Article 7.1, Paris Agreement → Establishes GGA.
• Objectives → Enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce climate vulnerability.
• Adaptation Indicators → Measure progress towards adaptation goals.
• India's Position → Indicators should remain voluntary, not mandatory.
• Finance Conditionality → Climate finance should not be denied for failure to meet specific indicators.
• Indicators → Reduced to 59 from nearly 1,000, as per the article.