Cotton: It is also termed as “White-Gold”+ A soft, fluffy natural fibre grown around seeds in a boll; a shrub (semi-xerophytic) crop of tropical and subtropical regions+ In India it is grown in the kharif season in semi-arid regions of India+ Minimum 15°C for germination; 21–27°C optimal for growth+ It can tolerate temperature to 43°C but temperature below 21°C is detrimental to the crop+ Well-drained alluvial, black, and red soils; sensitive to waterlogging+ There are four cultivated species of cotton and India is the only country cultivating all four cotton species on commercial scale.

Ground-Level Ozone (O₃): It is a secondary air pollutant (found in the troposphere) formed by reactions between Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight+ Formation: NOx + VOCs + Sunlight → Ozone (O₃)+ Major sources: vehicles, industries and thermal power plants+ Peaks during summer due to intense solar radiation+ Impact:  respiratory ailments, crop damage and photochemical smog.

Isobutanol: Isobutanol is a four-carbon alcohol (C₄H₁₀O), making it a higher alcohol compared to ethanol, which contains only two carbon atoms+ Can be produced from renewable sources like biomass, agricultural waste, or through processes linked to ethanol or sugarcane production+ Uses: Industrial solvents in products like paints, coatings; potential biofuel for transportation, etc.