Introduction

Geothermal energy is Earth’s internal heat used for power generation and heating/cooling. India has an estimated 10.6 GW potential across 10 geothermal provinces.

Potential & Significance

• 24×7, weather-independent and low-carbon energy source.
• Puga Valley, Ladakh: first geothermal wells commissioned in 2026.
• Applications in power, heating/cooling, agriculture and aquaculture.
• Reduces fossil-fuel dependence and supports Net Zero 2070.

Challenges

• High exploration and drilling costs.
• Site-specific resources and technological limitations.
• Limited commercial-scale experience and investment.

Way Forward

• Promote EGS/AGS technology and R&D for difficult geothermal sites.
• Provide financial/regulatory incentives and leverage private investment.
• Repurpose abandoned oil & gas wells and strengthen international technology partnerships.

Conclusion

Geothermal energy can become a reliable baseload complement to solar and wind, strengthening India’s clean-energy transition.