Assertion (A): India's goal of eliminating Tuberculosis (TB) cannot be achieved through vaccination alone.

Reason (R): TB elimination requires a multi-pronged strategy involving early diagnosis, preventive therapy, nutritional support, and strengthened public health systems in addition to vaccination.

Consider the following statements regarding the SIPRI Yearbook 2026:

1. SIPRI is an independent international research institute based in Stockholm, Sweden.
2. According to SIPRI Yearbook 2026, India's estimated nuclear warheads increased from about 180 in 2025 to about 190 in 2026.
3. India's nuclear doctrine is based on "Credible Minimum Deterrence" and a "No First Use" policy.
4. India's nuclear doctrine seeks parity with larger nuclear powers such as the United States and China.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the recent Oxford University study on heat vulnerability in cities:

1. India has the highest number of cities among the world's 50 most heat-vulnerable cities.
2. The study assessed heat risk based only on temperature exposure.
3. Ahmedabad ranked 2nd globally among the most heat-vulnerable cities.
4. Maharashtra has the highest number of Indian cities in the top 50 heat-vulnerable list.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding India’s Free Trade Agreements (FTAs):

1. FTAs provide Indian exporters duty-free or preferential access to major markets such as the EU, UK, and Australia.
2. India's trade deficit with ASEAN, Japan, and South Korea has narrowed significantly after FTAs came into force.
3. Only about 20–30% of eligible Indian exports currently utilize FTA benefits.
4. FTAs can help India emerge as an alternative global manufacturing hub amid supply-chain diversification.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to the 64th Session of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB64) under the UNFCCC, consider the following statements:

1. SB64 consists of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
2. SBI provides scientific and technical guidance for climate policy decisions.
3. India raised concerns that the European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) may act as a trade barrier for developing countries.
4. Adaptation Finance Gap refers to the difference between adaptation funding required and the funding actually available.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding climate finance and the UNFCCC process:

1. Climate finance includes financial support for mitigation, adaptation, capacity building, and technology transfer.
2. Adaptation finance is meant to help countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions only.
3. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) supports climate policy decisions by providing scientific and technical guidance.
4. The draft decisions for the annual Conference of the Parties (COP) are prepared by the subsidiary bodies under the UNFCCC.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Assertion (A): Myanmar is strategically important for India because it serves as India's gateway to Southeast Asia and is central to the Act East Policy.

Reason (R): The India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project aim to improve connectivity between India and Southeast Asia.

With reference to the Pandavapura Organic Taluk Initiative, consider the following statements:

1. Pandavapura was designated as an Organic Taluk to promote sustainable and chemical-free agriculture.
2. The pilot phase involves around 10,000 farmers from Melkote hobli.
3. The initiative promotes the use of chemical fertilizers along with organic manure to increase productivity.
4. The government will provide training, certification support, and market linkages for organic produce.

Which of the statements given above are correct?