1. Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating connections between applications?

A. Physical Layer
B. Data Link Layer
C. Transport Layer
D. Session Layer

2. What is the main function of the Network Layer in the OSI model?

A. Error detection
B. Routing of data packets
C. Data encryption
D. Flow control

3. In TCP/IP, which protocol is used for error reporting and network diagnostics?

A. UDP
B. HTTP
C. ICMP
D. FTP

4. Which of the following is a connection-oriented protocol?

A. UDP
B. TCP
C. IP
D. ICMP

5. What is the maximum size of an IPv4 header?

A. 20 bytes
B. 40 bytes
C. 60 bytes
D. 80 bytes

6. Which topology uses a central hub to connect multiple devices in a network?

A. Bus topology
B. Ring topology
C. Star topology
D. Mesh topology

7. What is the default subnet mask for a Class C IP address?

A. 255.0.0.0
B. 255.255.0.0
C. 255.255.255.0
D. 255.255.255.255

8. Which protocol is primarily used to transfer web pages over the Internet?

A. FTP
B. SMTP
C. HTTP
D. SNMP

9. Which switching technique involves the entire data packet being stored before being forwarded?

A. Circuit switching
B. Message switching
C. Packet switching
D. Store-and-forward switching

10. In a peer-to-peer network, what is the role of the devices connected?

A. One device acts as a server, and others are clients
B. All devices are equal and share resources
C. Only one device controls the entire network
D. Devices must request permissions from a central authority