1. Which of the following statements are true regarding Escherichia coli?
1. E. coli is a Gram-negative bacterium.
2. E. coli is an obligate anaerobe.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
2. Which of the following statements are true about viruses?
1. Viruses can replicate independently outside a host cell.
2. Viruses have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
3. Which of the following statements are true about bacterial growth?
1. Bacteria can reproduce through binary fission.
2. Bacterial growth phases include lag, log, stationary, and decline phases.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
4. Which of the following statements are true regarding Gram staining?
1. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain.
2. Gram-negative bacteria appear purple after Gram staining.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
5. Which of the following statements are true about bacterial endospores?
1. Endospores are produced by bacteria under unfavorable conditions.
2. Endospores are metabolically active cells.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
6. Which of the following statements are true about antimicrobial agents?
1. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis usually target bacterial ribosomes.
2. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
7. Which of the following statements are true about bacterial plasmids?
1. Plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome.
2. Plasmids usually carry genes essential for bacterial survival.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
8. Which of the following statements are true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans.
2. The bacterium is primarily transmitted via contaminated water.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
9. Which of the following statements are true about bacterial pili?
1. Pili are involved in bacterial motility.
2. Pili can mediate the exchange of genetic material through conjugation.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
10. Which of the following statements are true about fungi?
1. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms.
2. Fungi are classified as autotrophs because they produce their own food.
a) Only 1 is true
b) Only 2 is true
c) Both 1 and 2 are true
d) Neither 1 nor 2 are true
