CONTEXT

• Why in News:
  • FASTag-based annual pass of ₹3,000 launched for private vehicles to address toll plaza delays.
  • Plans to move towards satellite-based tolling and integrate NavIC navigation in future toll systems.

CONCEPT

What is FASTag?

• Electronic toll collection system by NPCI & NHAI.
• Made mandatory in 2021; pasted on vehicle windshields.
• Linked to a bank account/prepaid wallet; toll auto-deducted on passage.

 RFID Technology in FASTag

• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): Wireless tech using radio waves to transmit data.
• Comprises a tag (on vehicle) and a reader (at toll plaza).
• FASTag uses passive RFID tags – activated by readers, no battery needed.
• Types of RFID:
  • Passive: Powered by reader (used in FASTag).
  • Active: Has battery, higher range (~300 ft).
  • Semi-passive: Internal circuit powered, signal by reader.

 RFID vs Barcode:

• RFID uses radio waves; no line-of-sight needed.
• Barcodes need light-based scanners and visual contact.

CURRENT  

 ANPR-FASTag Tolling

• Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) + FASTag for barrier-less tolling.
• Charges based on vehicle ID via cameras/readers. No vehicle stoppage.

 Satellite-Based Tolling (GNSS)

• Toll via satellite tracking (distance-based) using On-Board Units (OBUs).
• Plan deferred due to privacy concerns and lack of full indigenous satellite support.

NavIC System

What is NavIC (IRNSS)?

• India’s indigenous satellite navigation system by ISRO.
• 7-satellite constellation (3 geostationary + 4 geosynchronous).
• Conceived post-Kargil War (1999) due to GPS denial by US.

Features:

• Offers Standard Positioning Service (civilian) and Restricted Service (defence).
• Coverage: India + 1500 km radius.

 Challenges:

• Rubidium clock failures in satellites; only 5 of 11 fully functional as of now.
• Still evolving as India’s answer to GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou.