How do various factors contribute to the frequency and intensity of forest fires in India, and what measures are taken to prevent and control these fires? (GS2)(12 MARKS)
Forest fires in India are influenced by a combination of natural and human factors, leading to varying frequencies and intensities across different regions. Understanding these factors and implementing effective prevention and control measures are crucial for mitigating the impact of forest fires on ecosystems and communities.
Factors Influencing Forest Fires:
Seasonal Occurrence: The forest fire season in India spans from November to June, with peak incidents during March, April, and May due to increased dry biomass post-winter.
Climatic Factors: Temperatures, precipitation patterns, vegetation types, and moisture levels play a significant role in determining the scale and frequency of forest fires. Dry and hot conditions facilitate fire spread, while moist environments reduce fire risk.
Fuel Load and Combustible Materials: Dry leaves, undergrowth, and other combustible materials serve as fuel for forest fires, escalating their intensity and making them more challenging to control.
Extent of Prone Areas: Nearly 36% of India's forests are prone to frequent fires, with dry deciduous forests being particularly susceptible. Northeastern states and regions in western Maharashtra, southern Chhattisgarh, central Odisha, and parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka are highly vulnerable.
Human Activities: Changes in agriculture, unchecked land-use practices, deliberate fires by locals for various reasons (grass growth, covering illegal activities), carelessness, and friction from electricity cables contribute significantly to forest fires.
Natural Causes: Lightning strikes during thunderstorms can ignite forest fires, especially in dry conditions.
Prevention and Control Measures:
Early Detection and Monitoring: Construction of watch towers for early fire detection, deployment of fire watchers to patrol vulnerable areas, and utilizing satellite-based remote sensing technology for real-time monitoring.
Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in fire prevention efforts through awareness programs, training sessions, and encouraging responsible practices to reduce fire risk.
Creation of Fire Lines: Establishing fire lines (both covered and open) to contain and control the spread of fires. Kachha fire lines involve removing undergrowth while retaining trees, while Pucca fire lines are clear-felled areas.
Technological Solutions: Utilizing GIS tools for mapping fire-prone areas, implementing early warning systems using satellite data, and monitoring fires in real-time to estimate burnt areas and deploy resources effectively.
By addressing these factors comprehensively and implementing a combination of preventive measures, early detection strategies, community engagement, and technological advancements, India can work towards reducing the frequency and impact of forest fires, safeguarding its valuable ecosystems and biodiversity.
