NEWS – Genetic rescue is proposed as a method to conserve Ranthambore National Park’s tiger population

HIGHLIGHTS
The tiger population in Ranthambore National Park has experienced significant fluctuations over the past decades, influenced by various factors such as conservation efforts, habitat changes, and genetic dynamics

• Historical Population Trends:
  • Before the implementation of Project Tiger in 1973, Ranthambore faced the imminent loss of all its tigers due to hunting, poaching, and habitat destruction.
  • The tiger count increased from 14 in the early 1970s to around 40 in the 1980s, but then declined to 16 tigers by 2006.
  • Subsequently, concerted conservation efforts led to a steady increase, with the tiger population reaching 69 individuals by 2022.
• Genetic Isolation and Inbreeding Concerns:
  • Genetic studies have highlighted concerns about inbreeding in the Ranthambore tiger population due to geographical and genetic isolation.
  • Fragmentation of forested areas over centuries has contributed to the genetic isolation of Ranthambore tigers from neighboring populations.
• Genetic Studies and Findings:
  • Recent genetic studies have revealed that Ranthambore tigers are nearly two times more inbred than Central Indian tigers.
  • Most Ranthambore tigers are descendants of a single tigress named T16 (Machali), leading to a reduction in genetic diversity and potential risks of inbreeding depression.
• Inbreeding Depression and Conservation Strategies:
  • Inbreeding depression can lead to reduced fitness, physical deformities, and infertility within the tiger population.
  • Genetic rescue, involving the introduction of new genes from external populations, is recommended to offset inbreeding effects and increase genetic diversity.
  • However, genetic rescue efforts must be carefully planned to avoid outbreeding depression and maintain the overall health of the population.
• Challenges and Mitigation Measures:
  • Establishing genetic connectivity and facilitating gene flow within the Rajasthan tiger metapopulation is crucial for long-term conservation.
  • The urgency of addressing genetic concerns is highlighted by the high risk of extinction associated with the observed level of inbreeding.
  • Collaborative efforts between scientists, conservationists, and government agencies are essential to develop and implement effective genetic rescue and mitigation strategies.
• Current Status and Future Actions:
  • The Rajasthan Forest Department and National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) are actively engaged in discussions and planning to address the genetic findings and conservation challenges.
  • Immediate actions may include genetic monitoring, translocation of tigers, habitat restoration, and enhanced connectivity between tiger reserves.