Akbar, the third ruler of the Mughal Empire in India (reigned from 1556 to 1605), implemented several administrative reforms that significantly contributed to the stability, efficiency, and prosperity of his empire. These reforms aimed to consolidate his power, ensure effective governance, and foster social harmony

1. Centralization of Administration:
   • Akbar initiated the centralization of administrative power. He curtailed the influence of the nobility by implementing a system where all decisions and policies emanated from the central authority, namely the emperor. This helped in reducing the autonomy of regional rulers and ensuring a more unified administration.
2. Divisions of the Empire:
   • To facilitate better governance, Akbar divided the empire into provinces (subas), each headed by a governor (subedar). These provinces were further subdivided into districts (sarkars), and the districts into smaller units (parganas). This administrative structure allowed for more efficient control and supervision of the vast Mughal Empire.
3. Din-i Ilahi – The “Religion of God”:
   • Akbar’s attempt to foster religious tolerance and social integration was manifested in the creation of the Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic religious movement. Although not a significant administrative reform, it aimed at promoting a sense of unity among the diverse religious communities in his empire. The movement sought to incorporate positive elements from different religions and emphasize the principles of peace and tolerance.
4. Land Revenue System:
   • One of the most significant administrative reforms under Akbar was the introduction of the “Zabt” system. It replaced the earlier system of revenue collection based on the traditional method of sharing one-third of the agricultural produce. Under the Zabt system, revenue was fixed as a certain percentage of the average produce, providing stability to farmers and discouraging corruption among revenue officials.
5. Todar Mal’s Bandobast System:
   • Akbar’s finance minister, Todar Mal, played a crucial role in implementing the “Bandobast” system, which aimed at a comprehensive revenue settlement. Todar Mal introduced the “Dahsala” system, a method of fixing the revenue demand on the basis of the average produce of the past ten years. This system provided relief to farmers during periods of low agricultural productivity.
6. Military Reforms:
   • Akbar introduced several reforms in the military administration. He established a standing army known as the “Dahsala” system, which involved a regular salary for the soldiers instead of the earlier practice of land grants. This professionalized the military and reduced the dependence on local jagirdars for the maintenance of troops.
7. Mansabdari System:
   • The Mansabdari system was another key administrative innovation under Akbar. It involved the classification of imperial officers and military commanders into “mansabs” or ranks based on their military capabilities and administrative skills. This system allowed for greater flexibility in the deployment of officials and military personnel, contributing to efficient governance and a capable military.
8. Census and Revenue Records:
   • Akbar ordered an extensive land survey and census known as the “Ain-i-Akbari” conducted by Abu’l Fazl. This survey aimed at assessing the agricultural productivity of each region and establishing accurate revenue records. The data collected during this census provided the basis for the revenue settlement and administrative policies.
9. Postal System and Road Infrastructure:
   • Akbar improved communication and administration by establishing an efficient postal system known as the “Dak Chowki.” This system facilitated the quick and secure transmission of official correspondence. Additionally, he invested in the development of an extensive road network, connecting major cities and regions, which contributed to better transportation and administration.
10. Social and Cultural Policies:
    • Akbar implemented policies aimed at fostering social harmony and cultural integration. His liberal policies included abolishing the pilgrimage tax, encouraging intermarriage between different religious communities, and promoting cultural exchanges among Hindus, Muslims, and other religious groups.

Akbar’s administrative reforms laid the foundation for a strong and well-organized Mughal Empire. His emphasis on centralization, revenue management, military organization, and cultural integration contributed to a period of stability and prosperity during his reign. Many of these administrative structures and policies continued to influence subsequent Mughal rulers and played a crucial role in shaping the empire’s history.