How does India’s water stress, compounded by population density, limited freshwater resources, and climate vulnerability, intersect with economic sustainability and necessitate comprehensive water management strategies? (GS2)(12 MARKS)
Population Density and Freshwater Resources:
India houses 18% of the global population but has only 4% of the world's freshwater resources.
The high population density exacerbates water stress, necessitating efficient water management to meet demand sustainably.
Impact on Agriculture and Food Security:
Changes in monsoon patterns directly affect crop cycles, irrigation, and food production.
Water availability, especially during crucial agricultural seasons, is vital for economic stability and food sustainability.
Role in Clean Energy Transition:
Water is pivotal in producing green hydrogen and supporting pumped storage hydropower, crucial for decarbonizing industries and ensuring reliable energy systems.
Vulnerability to Climate-Related Disasters:
India's climate hotspots make it susceptible to extreme climate events, leading to increased hydrometeorological disasters.
Sustainable water management practices are crucial in mitigating disaster risks and ensuring economic resilience.
Recent Challenges and Forecasted Water Stress:
The India Meteorological Department predicts hotter summers and longer heat waves, indicating imminent water stress.
Traditional responses to acute stresses must evolve to address chronic risks and ensure long-term water security.
Need for Comprehensive Climate Action:
Climate action should encompass all sectors, not just specific industries, to effectively tackle water stress and climate vulnerabilities.
Environmental Sustainability and Long-Term Strategies:
Short-term initiatives like sapling plantation drives are insufficient; broader, long-term strategies are needed for environmental sustainability and water security.
Effective Water Governance:
Policies must recognize the interconnectedness of water with food and energy systems, integrating water availability considerations into various sectors.
Local evidence and community engagement should inform policies related to the food-land-water nexus.
Judicious Water Use and Reuse:
Efficient use of blue and green water through water accounting and reuse strategies is essential.
Initiatives like the National Water Mission and AMRUT 2.0 aim to increase water use efficiency and reduce non-revenue water in urban areas.
Financial Tools for Climate Adaptation:
Increased financial commitments are needed for climate adaptation in the water sector, including investments in wastewater management and climate-resilient agriculture.
Market innovations like India’s Green Credit Programme can incentivize investments in adaptation measures.
Coherence in Policies and Data-Driven Baselines:
Policies should promote coherence in water, energy, and climate sectors to drive systemic change.
Data-driven baselines are crucial for monitoring water savings and attracting investments in water adaptation measures.
Long-Term Perspective and Realistic Expectations:
Recognizing the gradual nature of systemic changes is vital, focusing on creating a water-secure economy as a stepping stone towards a climate-resilient economy.
